28 Oktober 2010
WRITING
Writing is a process of thinking to invent a new topic together with its supporting sentence
Tenses is a form of verb which indicates time to show the acting
Time : Past – Present – Future
Tenses :
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9…..16
Verb :
1. ch, sh, o, ss, x è +es (for 3rd person singular)
Ex : watch=watches,
2. ended by “y” with vocal a,I,u,e,o è +s
Ex : Play = plays
3. ended with “y” and followed by consonan +es and “y” become “I”
Ex : study = studies
Paragraph is a piece of writing which contains several sentence paragraph can be divided inro 3, they are :
1. The beginning / awal = Topic Sentence (TS)
2. The Middle / Pertengahan/isi = Supporting Sentence (SS) (isinya hal – hal yang mendukung TS)
3. Ending / Akhir/Penutup = Concluding sentence (CS)
04-11-10
part of writing
narrative, deskriptive, expository, argument
11/11-10
PUNCTUATION
Punctuation is symbol that indicate the structure or organization in writing language as well as the intonation and pauses to be observed when reading a loud.
Ex :
Woman, without her man, is nothing
Woman : without her, man is nothing.
Most common parts of punctuation
1. Full stop / period (.)
2. The comma (,)
3. Interjection/exclamation mark(!)
4. Question / interrogative mark (?)
5. The colon(:)
6. Semi colon(;)
7. The slash (/)
8. The bracket( [ ] )
9. The parenthesis ( ( ) )
10. The quotation ( “ ” )
11. The dash(-)
12. The hyphen(--)
13. The ellipsis (…)
14. Apostrophe (‘)
Capital letter is used :
1. At the beginning / start of sentence
2. For name of city, person, countries
3. For the first and all of sentence in writing title (except for preposition)
4. For the name of days, month, planets, stars, person’s title
5. For pronoun of “I”
1. Full stop / periode (.)
it is used
· At the end of sentence
· At the end of indirect speech
Ex : my father said it was cold.
· It is also used in abbreviation (singkatan)
2. THE COMMA (,)
It is the shortest pauses between words. It is used :
· to separate three or more words of the same grammatical class (noun, verbs, adverbs, adjective)
ex : I buy paper, pencil, and ink
he spoke clearly, briefly, and loudly
· it is used in apposition (ket. Tambahan)
ex : Ben, the student of AMC is clever
· to avoid the repetition of a verb
ex : John is a lawyer and Alice, a doctor
· to separate a subordinate clause that comes before the main clause
ex : when the bell rings (sub), we shall go to the class (main)
· it is used indirect speech
ex : “I’m going to the cinema”, he said.
She said, “It’s cold”.
· It is used in salutation and closing the letter
Ex: Dear Sir,
Sincerely yours,
· Comma after the word “please” for asking something
Ex : Send me a mail, please (request)
Please close the door! Command
· In Question tag
Ex : She reads a novel, doesn’t she?
3. INTERJECTION / EXCLAMATION MARK(!)
· at the end of a commands
ex : clean the room now!
· in the end of statement which describe the seriousness, disbelieve, amazement
4. QUESTION / INTERROGATIVE MARK (?)
· Used at the end of a question sentence.
Ex : what is your name?
Do you speak Italian?
· At the end of question tag
· At the end of request sentence
Ex : Open the door, please?
5. THE COLON(:)
· it is used in conversation
· used at the end of a complete statement which is followed by series explanation
ex : I like playing sports : basketball, tennis.
· used to introduce quotation
ex : Francis Bacon said :”Knowledge is power”
6. SEMI COLON(;)
· used to join sentence without having to used a conjunction (and, but, or) where the sentence linked
ex : It’s late now ; I haven’t got my dinner
7. THE SLASH (/)
· Used to indicated choice as “ or and per “ between the words it separates
Ex : boy/girl means “or”
100 km/hour means “per”
· Used to avoid gender problems with pronouns which are used by some writers
Ex : he/she, his/her
· Used in making the number of letter and address
Ex : No. 1/PK/2005
Kembang Jati III/10
· Used for a word wide web address which isn’t use space in using it
## we do not to confuse the slash with it’s backward cousin \, use path separator in windows
Ex : C:\Program Files\Adobe
8. THE QUOTATION MARK ( “ ” )
· used in direct speech
ex : he said, “I don’t want to live anymore”
9. THE DASH(-) tanda hubung/ tanda sambung
· used to combine words or suffix which is separated by the change of line
ex : ……………………………………………… -
……………..
· used to combine letter (huruf) from word which is spelled
ex : J-O-K-O
· used to combine the parts of date in writing
ex : 15 – 06 – 90
10. THE HYPHEN(--) (tanda pisah)
· it is to join two or more words together (to avoid confusion/ambiguity)
ex : E – Mail, X – Ray
· usually used for the prefix (co - , non - , ex - )
ex : Ex – boyfriend, non – alignment, co – production.
11. THE ELLIPSIS (…)
· for the sentences which there are some parts are omitted :
ex : … ……… …
· if the omission comes after the end of a sentence, the ellipsis will be placed after the period, making a total of four dots
ex : I’ve just come from….
25 / 11 / 2010
Sambungan…
12. APOSTROPHE (‘)
· it is used to show possession and ownership
ex ; Dion’s book
· it is used to indicated contraction
ex : he is = he’s
· plural nouns that do not end is “s” is also using the apostrophe
ex : The children’s room
The women’s club
· common nouns that end in “s”(Show plural) just simply add the apostrophe after the “s”
ex : The teachers’ book
· common nouns that end in “s” (Show possessive), we can add ‘s or simply add ‘
ex : Mr. Jones’s shop = Mr. Jones’ shop
13. THE BRACKET [ ]
· it is used to refer an additional information in a sentence which is inside the parenthesis
ex : These both similarities process ( the difference is discussed in chapter 11[page 20 – 25]) are needed to be found
14. THE PARENTHESIS ()
· it is used to refer an additional information or explanation
ex : Mr. Herman (the lecturer of AMC) is kind
LETTER WRITING
Writing is an arts is ideally an expression of communication personal or ………… (sarana singkat) to convey ideal and feelings to others, now, and in the future
Types of letter
1. Personal letter
2. Business letter
3. Invitation letter
4. Application letter
5. Complain letter
6. Etc
parts of letter
1. Heading
2. Salutation (greetings)
3. Body of the letter
4. Subscription or leaving taking
5. Signature
6. Superscription on the envelope (addressing the envelope)
1. The headings
- Usually consist of 3 elements
· The writers address
· The city or town of write
· The date
- The purpose of the heading is to inform the reader where the letter was written and when
all figure dates are interpreted differently in British and American English
American MM-DD-YYY
British DD-MM-YYY
Format date
18 October 03
18th October 2003
October 18, 2003
12 – 10 – 2003
12.10.2003
12/10/2003
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